Quantum Shot Noise
نویسندگان
چکیده
Noise plays a uniquely informative role in connection with the particle-wave duality. It was Albert Einstein who first realized (in 1909) that electromagnetic fluctuations are different if the energy is carried by waves or by particles. The magnitude of energy fluctuations scales linearly with the mean energy for classical waves, but it scales with the square root of the mean energy for classical particles. Since a photon is neither a classical wave nor a classical particle, the linear and square-root contributions coexist. Typically, the square-root (particle) contribution dominates at optical frequencies, while the linear (wave) contribution takes over at radio frequencies. If Newton could have measured noise, he would have been able to settle his dispute with Huygens on the corpuscular nature of light — without actually needing to observe an individual photon. Such is the power of noise.
منابع مشابه
Title of dissertation: SEARCHING FOR ENTANGLED ELECTRON SPIN STATES WITH SHOT NOISE DETECTION
Title of dissertation: SEARCHING FOR ENTANGLED ELECTRON SPIN STATES WITH SHOT NOISE DETECTION Yuanzhen Chen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by: Richard A. Webb Department of Physics We report experimental research into the possibility of using shot noise measurements to detect the entangled states of electron spins. The study is part of the effort towards the demonstration of ...
متن کاملQuantum Approach to Electronic Noise Calculations in the Presence of Electron-Phonon Interactions
A quantum-mechanical approach to the calculation of electronic noise for nanoscale devices is presented. This method is based on the nonequilibrium Green's-function formalism with electron-phonon scattering mechanisms and takes the effects of the Pauli exclusion principle and the long-range Coulomb interactions into account. As examples the drain current noise characteristics of silicon nanowir...
متن کاملDistribution Function for Shot Noise in Disordered Multichannel Quantum Conductors
We obtain the generating function for shot noise through a disordered multichannel conductor in the zero temperature quantum regime. The distribution of charge transmitted over a fixed time interval is found to be approximately Gaussian.
متن کاملContinuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution with a Noisy Laser
Existing experimental implementations of continuous-variable quantum key distribution require shot-noise limited operation, achieved with shot-noise limited lasers. However, loosening this requirement on the laser source would allow for cheaper, potentially integrated systems. Here, we implement a theoretically proposed prepare-and-measure continuous-variable protocol and experimentally demonst...
متن کاملSub shot-noise fluctuations in the intensity sum of two coupled beams
A quantum analysis of intensity fluctuations for the above-threshold parametric four-wave mixing in a cavity, driven by two laser fields, is presented. A new possibility for the reduction of quantum fluctuations below the shot-noise level in the sum of intensities of two cavity-output coupled beams at the driving field frequencies is predicted. The calculation of the corresponding interbeam sec...
متن کاملNoise of Series Quantum Point Contacts
Shot noise of series quantum point contacts forming a sequence of cavities in a two dimensional electron gas are studied theoretically and experimentally. Noise in such a structure originates from local scattering at the point contacts as well as from chaotic motion of the electrons in the cavities. The observed shot noise allows to distinguish between noise of the point contacts and noise from...
متن کامل